Appendix to “Labor Mobility and Racial Discrimination” by Pierre Deschamps and José de Sousa

This part of the Appendix provides evidence on

Racism in Soccer in the post-Bosman era in the United Kingdom

Since the Bosman ruling, racist incidents in soccer, whether from fellow soccer players, owners, managers or supporters continue to make the headlines of English newspapers. These facts are presented in reverse chronological order.

•         Liverpool striker Mario Balotelli has been charged by the Football Association for a post on social media which appeared to contain anti-Semitic and racist references: BBC Sport 5 December 2014, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30352512

•         Dave Whelan accused of anti-Semitism in new controversy: The Guardian 21 November 2014, retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/nov/20/wigan-dave-whelan-accused-antisemitism-jewish-people

•         Mario Balotelli: Police investigate racist abuse sent on Twitter: BBC Sport 21 September 2014, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/29302216

•         Cardiff City manager Malky Mackay shared racist e-mails and texts with the director of soccer in charge of transfers, Iain Moody: Daily Mail 20 August 2014, retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2730307/Malky-Mackay-Iain-Moody-investigated-FA-sexist-racist-homophobic-text-messages-time-Cardiff.html

o       For instance, the Daily Mail report the following: “On August 16, 2012, a list of players proposed by a French agent is forwarded, stating to Mackay that ‘he needs to rename his agency the All Blacks. A separate text in reference to a list of French players states the following: ‘Not many white faces amongst that lot but worth considering.’

•         Wolves complain to Walsall and FA about racial abuse: BBC Sport 10 March 2014, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/26516307

•         Six football fans have been jailed for chanting songs which "glorified and idolised" the murder of Stephen Lawrence: BBC Sport 30 October 2013, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-24746019

•         Ex-Arsenal defender Sol Campbell claims that it is impossible for him to get a job as a manager due to institutional racism: http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/27/sol-campbell-racism-manager-arsenal

•         Manchester City's Yaya Touré wants action on racist chants: BBC Sport 23 October 2013, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24647259

•         Racism in football: 'Problems still exist at grassroots level': BBC Sport 16 November 2012, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/20365922

The English FA has revealed there were 144 incidents of misconduct in which racism was an aggravating factor during the 2011-2012 season. This includes the high-profile Premier League incidents for which John Terry and Luis Suarez were given suspensions:

o       Chelsea captain John Terry has been banned for four matches and fined £220,000 for racially abusing QPR defender Anton Ferdinand: BBC Sport 27 September 2012, , retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/19723020

o       Liverpool's Luis Suarez has been handed an eight-match ban and a £40,000 fine after being found guilty of racially abusing Manchester United's Patrice Evra: BBC Sport 20 December 2011, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/16186556

•         England victory over Serbia marred by racism and violence, 16 October 2012, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/19971417

•         Bolton players racially abused by Millwall fans, claims Marvin Sordell : The Guardian 6 October 2012, retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/oct/06/bolton-racially-abused-millwall-sordell

•         Rio Ferdinand fined £45,000 by FA over 'choc ice' tweet: Telegraph 17 Aug 2012, retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/9482601/Rio-Ferdinand-fined-45000-by-FA-over-choc-ice-tweet.html

•         Brazil's Neymar answers back after banana is thrown in Scotland match: The Guardian 27 March 2011, retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/mar/27/neymar-racism-brazil-scotland

•         Two football fans who used racist abuse get match bans: The Star 14 June 2011, retrieved from http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/crime/two-football-fans-who-used-racist-abuse-get-match-bans-1-3476089

•         A Premiership football boss says racist fans should be jailed in the wake of an incident which saw Blackpool player Jason Euell suffer abuse: Blackpool Gazette 28 September 2009, retrieved from http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/news/local/racist-fans-should-go-to-prison-1-384087

•         Chelsea will not tolerate abuse bordering on racism directed by fans at manager Avram Grant: BBC Sport 30 September 2007, retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/7020854.stm

•         Life ban for racist football fan: BBC Sport 13 April 2007, retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/6551167.stm

•         Police probe Hammers racism claim: BBC Sport 6 March 2007, retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/w/west_ham_utd/6422059.stm

•         Millwall is the first club to be charged by the FA over racist behaviour by their fans: BBC Sport 9 December, 2004, retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/league_cup/4081903.stm

•         Former manager Ron Atkinson quits ITV after his racist remarks are heard on air: The Independent 22 April 2004, retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/ron-atkinson-quits-itv-after-his-racist-remarks-are-heard-on-air-6170940.html